Difficulties of access to employment, labor insertion of groups at risk of exclusion

Lack of employment is the main cause of poverty, social exclusion and inequality in income and wealth levels, and therefore opportunities for people.

In a framework of active employment policies, acquires special importance the law of employment for people experiencing or at risk of exclusion, as the personal help finding employment seems to be one of the most effective interventions for most unemployed people, combined with specific training programs based on the characteristics of individuals or groups.

Combating long-term unemployment or social exclusion from necessary to strengthen synergies between all the political, social and economic, in order to meet existing demands in society, in an effective and responsive at the same time to new needs and changing circumstances. In short, it aims to achieve an inclusive society, open society and cohesive, based on solidarity and equality, and a high quality of life for the whole of our society.

Individuals or groups who most difficulty finding jobs are women, the disabled, the Roma, immigrants, youth, people over 45 years, and so on. In this material, we will focus in the first four because as professionals in the field of social exclusion, are what interest us and the more cases we will find.

Women and work:

In 1984 is when a massive incorporation of women into the workplace. Unemployed women in general and especially women who want to return to work after being removed from that area, do not have facilities to get a salaried job. This is causing many women in these circumstances have made the decision to start their own business or creating your own job, building work and professional experience acquired.

- Changes in the social environment:

Traditionally, women have always been able to intervene much less time in the profession than men. The main obstacle is the existence of deeply rooted social customs and gradually, over time, has been changing, and women will enter the world of work in a more regular basis. Factors contributing to this integration are:

- Married to older motherhood .- Planning .- Independence of women within the couple .- Increase in personal services, such as, primary schools .- .- Increased household consumption life expectancy long.

These changes affect a greater availability of time by women and economic independence.

- Changes in the labor market:

The progressive diversification of the labor market and the increasingly central role of specialization in order to meet certain needs are critical factors in the access of women in the workplace. Transformations taking place the following consequences arise:

- Women have demonstrated their ability, even if has not been used in a high percentage .- It has increased women's professional competence .- There is an acceptance of women as a professional not only in unskilled jobs.

Although the woman is better prepared every day in practice, access to the upper echelons of company management continues to be very difficult. The professional qualifications of women and their incorporation into the world of work have been a great social change. Both private companies and public administration is still mostly opting to hire men to positions of responsibility.

The woman entrepreneur who wants to complete a business project or a business, you must be aware that you must learn to function in environments unaccustomed to the presence of women. In this initial difficulty is to add a number of impediments they will find their path in this case, as an entrepreneur: masculinization of the business world, discrimination, funding difficulties, family circumstances, times, male communication networks, etc..

Employment of disabled persons:

Why the disabled do not enjoy the right to work recognized in the art. 35 of the Spanish Constitution?

Employment is one of the biggest factors, if not the major factor of integration, for anyone in adulthood and therefore also for people with disabilities.

The labor market situation indicates that the job is not good for the entire population of people with disabilities face greater difficulties than the general population to find employment.

Workers with disabilities tend to be lagging behind other job seekers, particularly when the number of unemployed in general increases.

Currently, it is struggling to create a fund financed by companies that do not reserve 2% of jobs for people with disabilities, who would go to the employment of this group.

Currently, companies do not cover 2% of their jobs with disabled workers must allocate the cost would be the employment of these people to purchase goods made in Special Employment Centres or donate to institutions for the integration of these people .

The union proposal is that this money is necessarily allocated to a fund to promote the integration of the collective work and improve training programs. In the case that companies prove they can not hire workers directly to the disabled, will create a fund for occupational integration and to improve accessibility to jobs and training. Employability of the Roma

Having a decent work is a right of any citizen, and a basic guarantee for personal advancement and social integration. Unfortunately the situation of many Roma in respect of employment is quite bad at the moment and does not improve in the future, noting clearly still some exclusionary and discriminatory situations:

- The Roma population does not have the ability to access the offer occupational training than other citizens. In this case, it is not discrimination against them or prohibit their access, but is not suitable training offer is not accessible enough, according to the conditions and needs of the Roma, many employers discriminate against people As gypsy attempts to obtain employment as a result of prejudice and stereotypes, legislation regarding street vending, which is one of the most developed use by gypsies, is clearly discriminatory and restrictive when compared with other commercial arrangements

Gone are the days when Roma were recognized for their work in the forge or knowledge about chivalry. Most of the Roma currently living peddling, but the practice of this work activity is hampered by the reluctance of local authorities to facilitate sales permits. The other activities in which they work gypsies, far apart from the above, are agricultural activities, the collection of paper or junk, antiques, and even the art world. In other activities, the Roma are faced with problems, mainly due to the lack of professional qualifications and the burden of prejudices. Therefore, the unemployment rate among Roma is very high.

Vocational training and employment in the Roma community:

Some Gypsies living in a situation of marginalization and are disfavored, largely due to their exclusion from the world of work, so it is necessary to ensure equality in access as the supply of resources to education and employment market standardized work. It is therefore necessary to develop a specific and specialized training offered to the Roma population and individual vocational guidance, since there are still many Gypsies who, for various reasons, no access to standard resources.

The unemployment problem has no easy solution, and economic differences between regions continue to rise, so do certain groups and groups of citizens, the inequality is not only territorial but also sectoral, as it affects some groups more than other.

- Occupation and social status:

Social status differences between payos and gypsies are overwhelming. 94% of the activities of the Roma is considered low, and a mere 3% in the considered medium-low.

Consequently, the Gypsy has a very low social status in the prestige scale.

It is worrying that the gypsy is on the bottom rung of the ladder. This shows the difficulties inherent in any effort to promote legitimate disregard the reality of the employment situation of Roma in social roles contrast with those of the payos.

- General characteristics of the workplace:

- The Roma were not completed compulsory education, as a rule. In the province of Salamanca, for example, only five Roma have only one graduate school and study business, according to information from AIGS coordinator quantitative .- The duration of working time of the Gypsies (%): Less than 4 hours: 1% 4 to 6 hours: 22% From 7 to 9 hours: 15% 10 to 12 hours: 4% More than 12 hours: 3% do not work: 34% Not known: 21% - The gypsy is not used to be subject to a schedule because people have been very free. This freedom is the meaning of the flag: "Health and Freedom" Gypsies .- alternate several activities throughout the year, because of the lack of benefits of some exclusive main professions as a way of life. Also we should not forget the work refusals, as already discussed, or gypsy labor by society paya, which affects, in part, in the amount of unemployed Roma .- Use of the gypsy family income. It is a sociological fact that Gypsies spent: 1 for food, clothing 2 º, 3 º in medicines, housing 4 º, 5 º and 6 º distractions on travel.

Immigrants to Employment

The problems faced by immigrants in Spain have to do with adaptation to labor market conditions and the requirements to have decent living conditions similar to those of nationals, also housing, education, health and living together.

First of all, immigrants need a job, which requires the existence of demand and transparent information on labor market opportunities, not always the case.

The growing trend to offer temporary, informal and precarious contracts applies equally to nationals and immigrants. The problems that may arise resulting from the legal situation and, in particular, the existence of undocumented immigrants or "without papers".

The labor market is highly segmented. Immigrants need for transparent information on their places of origin and also on arrival, as well as general information about the demand in different countries and the European Union as a whole. The problem is that this information is not, there, causing major disruptions in regard to labor.

There are many existing programs aimed at social and occupational integration each of the groups, both named in these lines, like many others, such as family educators should know, therefore, we encourage you to investiguéis on them. Many of them vary according to each institution for each zone, etc, depending on the needs, demands and cases presented. http://animacion.synthasite.com